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ACS Missed Question Codes - Private Pilot

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FAA Missed ACS Codes
for Private Pilot Exams
 
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Got some missed questions on your Private Pilot written test? No worries, it happens to all of us. If the codes listed on your test results start with "PA", you're in the right place. Your Private Pilot ACS (once known as PLT) missed question codes will be listed below, and you can see which subject areas to study more before your checkride. Keep in mind, you won't know exactly which questions you got wrong, only the general subjects missed of the PPL ACS.
 
  1. If you missed any questions on your FAA Knowledge Test, you will find the Airman Certification Standards codes on your test report.
  2. Your flight instructor will review the material of the missed Airman Certification Standards codes prior to taking your practical test.
 
Click Here to view, and if desired, download, your ACS document.
 
Area of Operation I. Preflight Preparation
 
Task A. Pilot Qualifications
References: 14 CFR parts 61, 68, 91; AC 68-1; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with airman and medical certificates including privileges, limitations, currency, and operating as pilot-incommand as a private pilot.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.I.A.K1
Certification requirements, recent flight experience, and recordkeeping.
PA.I.A.K2
Privileges and limitations.
PA.I.A.K3
Medical certificates: class, expiration, privileges, temporary disqualifications.
PA.I.A.K4
Documents required to exercise private pilot privileges.
PA.I.A.K5
Part 68 BasicMed privileges and limitations.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.I.A.R1
Proficiency versus currency.
PA.I.A.R2
Flying unfamiliar aircraft or operating with unfamiliar flight display systems and avionics.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.I.A.S1
Apply requirements to act as pilot-in-command (PIC) under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) in a scenario given by the evaluator.
 
Task B. Airworthiness Requirements
References: 14 CFR parts 39, 43, 91; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with airworthiness requirements, including airplane certificates.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.I.B.K1
General airworthiness requirements and compliance for airplanes, including:
PA.I.B.K1a
a. Certificate location and expiration dates
PA.I.B.K1b
b. Required inspections and airplane logbook documentation
PA.I.B.K1c
c. Airworthiness Directives and Special Airworthiness Information Bulletins
PA.I.B.K1d
d. Purpose and procedure for obtaining a special flight permit
PA.I.B.K1e
e. Owner/Operator and pilot-in-command responsibilities
PA.I.B.K2
Pilot-performed preventive maintenance.
PA.I.B.K3
Equipment requirements for day and night VFR flight, to include:
PA.I.B.K3a
a. Flying with inoperative equipment
PA.I.B.K3b
b. Using an approved Minimum Equipment List (MEL)
PA.I.B.K3c
c. Kinds of Operation Equipment List (KOEL)
PA.I.B.K3d
d. Required discrepancy records or placards
PA.I.B.K4
Standard and special airworthiness certificates and their associated operational limitations.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.I.B.R1
Inoperative equipment discovered prior to flight.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.I.B.S1
Locate and describe airplane airworthiness and registration information.
PA.I.B.S2
Determine the airplane is airworthy in the scenario given by the evaluator.
PA.I.B.S3
Apply appropriate procedures for operating with inoperative equipment in the scenario given by the evaluator.
 
Task C. Weather Information
References: 14 CFR part 91; AC 91-92; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25, FAA-H-8083-28
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with weather information for a flight under VFR.
Note: If K2 is selected, the evaluator must assess the applicant’s knowledge of at least three sub-elements.
Note: If K3 is selected, the evaluator must assess the applicant’s knowledge of at least three sub-elements.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.I.C.K1
Sources of weather data (e.g., National Weather Service, Flight Service) for flight planning purposes.
PA.I.C.K2
Acceptable weather products and resources required for preflight planning, current and forecast weather for departure, en route, and arrival phases of flight such as:
PA.I.C.K2a
a. Airport Observations (METAR and SPECI) and Pilot Observations (PIREP)
PA.I.C.K2b
b. Surface Analysis Chart, Ceiling and Visibility Chart (CVA)
PA.I.C.K2c
c. Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF)
PA.I.C.K2d
d. Graphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA)
PA.I.C.K2e
e. Wind and Temperature Aloft Forecast (FB)
PA.I.C.K2f
f. Convective Outlook (AC)
PA.I.C.K2g
g. Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories including Airmen's Meteorological Information (AIRMET), Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET), and Convective SIGMET
PA.I.C.K3
Meteorology applicable to the departure, en route, alternate, and destination under VFR in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) to include expected climate and hazardous conditions such as:
PA.I.C.K3a
a. Atmospheric composition and stability
PA.I.C.K3b
b. Wind (e.g., crosswind, tailwind, windshear, mountain wave, etc.)
PA.I.C.K3c
c. Temperature
PA.I.C.K3d
d. Moisture/precipitation
PA.I.C.K3e
e. Weather system formation, including air masses and fronts
PA.I.C.K3f
f. Clouds
PA.I.C.K3g
g. Turbulence
PA.I.C.K3h
h. Thunderstorms and microbursts
PA.I.C.K3i
i. Icing and freezing level information
PA.I.C.K3j
j. Fog/mist
PA.I.C.K3k
k. Frost
PA.I.C.K3l
l. Obstructions to visibility (e.g., smoke, haze, volcanic ash, etc.)
PA.I.C.K4
Flight deck displays of digital weather and aeronautical information.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.I.C.R1
Making the go/no-go and continue/divert decisions, including:
PA.I.C.R1a
a. Circumstances that would make diversion prudent
PA.I.C.R1b
b. Personal weather minimums
PA.I.C.R1c
c. Hazardous weather conditions, including known or forecast icing or turbulence aloft
PA.I.C.R2
Use and limitations of:
PA.I.C.R2a
a. Installed onboard weather equipment
PA.I.C.R2b
b. Aviation weather reports and forecasts
PA.I.C.R2c
c. Inflight weather resources
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.I.C.S1
Use available aviation weather resources to obtain an adequate weather briefing.
PA.I.C.S2
Analyze the implications of at least three of the conditions listed in K3a through K3l, using actual weather or weather conditions provided by the evaluator.
PA.I.C.S3
Correlate weather information to make a go/no-go decision.
 
Task D. Cross-Country Flight Planning
References: 14 CFR part 91; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; NOTAMs; VFR Navigation Charts
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with cross-country flights and VFR flight planning.
Note: Preparation, presentation, and explanation of a computer-generated flight plan is an acceptable option.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.I.D.K1
Route planning, including consideration of different classes and special use airspace (SUA) and selection of appropriate and available navigation/communication systems and facilities.
PA.I.D.K1a
a. Use of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used
PA.I.D.K2
Altitude selection accounting for terrain and obstacles, glide distance of the airplane, VFR cruising altitudes, and the effect of wind.
PA.I.D.K3
Calculating:
PA.I.D.K3a
a. Time, climb and descent rates, course, distance, heading, true airspeed, and groundspeed
PA.I.D.K3b
b. Estimated time of arrival to include conversion to universal coordinated time (UTC)
PA.I.D.K3c
c. Fuel requirements, to include reserve
PA.I.D.K4
Elements of a VFR flight plan.
PA.I.D.K5
Procedures for activating and closing a VFR flight plan.
PA.I.D.K6
Inflight intercept procedures.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.I.D.R1
Pilot.
PA.I.D.R2
Aircraft.
PA.I.D.R3
Environment (e.g., weather, airports, airspace, terrain, obstacles).
PA.I.D.R4
External pressures.
PA.I.D.R5
Limitations of air traffic control (ATC) services.
PA.I.D.R6
Fuel planning.
PA.I.D.R7
Use of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.I.D.S1
Prepare, present, and explain a cross-country flight plan assigned by the evaluator, including a risk analysis based on real-time weather, to the first fuel stop.
PA.I.D.S2
Apply pertinent information from appropriate and current aeronautical charts, Chart Supplements; Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs) relative to airport, runway and taxiway closures; and other flight publications.
PA.I.D.S3
Create a navigation plan and simulate filing a VFR flight plan.
PA.I.D.S4
Recalculate fuel reserves based on a scenario provided by the evaluator.
PA.I.D.S5
Use an electronic flight bag (EFB), if applicable.
 
Task E. National Airspace System
References: 14 CFR parts 71, 91, 93; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; VFR Navigation Charts
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with National Airspace System (NAS) operations under VFR as a private pilot.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.I.E.K1
Types of airspace/airspace classes and associated requirements and limitations.
PA.I.E.K2
Charting symbology.
PA.I.E.K3
Special use airspace (SUA), special flight rules areas (SFRA), temporary flight restrictions (TFR), and other airspace areas.
PA.I.E.K4
Special visual flight rules (VFR) requirements.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.I.E.R1
Various classes and types of airspace.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.I.E.S1
Identify and comply with the requirements for basic VFR weather minimums and flying in particular classes of airspace.
PA.I.E.S2
Correctly identify airspace and operate in accordance with associated communication and equipment requirements.
PA.I.E.S3
Identify the requirements for operating in SUA or within a TFR. Identify and comply with special air traffic rules (SATR) and SFRA operations, if applicable.
 
Task F. Performance and Limitations
References: FAA-H-8083-1, FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with operating an airplane safely within the parameters of its performance capabilities and limitations.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.I.F.K1
Elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data to determine performance.
PA.I.F.K2
Factors affecting performance, to include:
PA.I.F.K2a
a. Atmospheric conditions
PA.I.F.K2b
b. Pilot technique
PA.I.F.K2c
c. Airplane configuration
PA.I.F.K2d
d. Airport environment
PA.I.F.K2e
e. Loading (e.g., center of gravity)
PA.I.F.K2f
f. Weight and balance
PA.I.F.K3
Aerodynamics.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.I.F.R1
Use of performance charts, tables, and data.
PA.I.F.R2
Airplane limitations.
PA.I.F.R3
Possible differences between calculated performance and actual performance.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.I.F.S1
Compute the weight and balance, correct out-of-CG loading errors and determine if the weight and balance remains within limits during all phases of flight.
PA.I.F.S2
Use the appropriate airplane performance charts, tables, and data.
 
Task G. Operation of Systems
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with safe operation of systems on the airplane provided for the flight test.
Note: If K1 is selected, the evaluator must assess the applicant's knowledge of at least three sub-elements.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.I.G.K1
Airplane systems, to include:
PA.I.G.K1a
a. Primary flight controls
PA.I.G.K1b
b. Secondary flight controls
PA.I.G.K1c
c. Powerplant and propeller
PA.I.G.K1d
d. Landing gear
PA.I.G.K1e
e. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic
PA.I.G.K1f
f. Electrical
PA.I.G.K1g
g. Avionics
PA.I.G.K1h
h. Pitot-static, vacuum/pressure, and associated flight instruments
PA.I.G.K1i
i. Environmental
PA.I.G.K1j
j. Deicing and anti-icing
PA.I.G.K1k
k. Water rudders (ASES, AMES)
PA.I.G.K1l
l. Oxygen system
PA.I.G.K2
Indications of and procedures for managing system abnormalities or failures.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.I.G.R1
Detection of system malfunctions or failures.
PA.I.G.R2
Management of a system failure.
PA.I.G.R3
Monitoring and management of automated systems.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.I.G.S1
Operate at least three of the systems listed in K1a through K1l appropriately.
PA.I.G.S2
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
 
Task H. Human Factors
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with personal health, flight physiology, and aeromedical and human factors related to safety of flight.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.I.H.K1
The symptoms (as applicable), recognition, causes, effects, and corrective actions associated with aeromedical and physiological issues including:
PA.I.H.K1a
a. Hypoxia
PA.I.H.K1b
b. Hyperventilation
PA.I.H.K1c
c. Middle ear and sinus problems
PA.I.H.K1d
d. Spatial disorientation
PA.I.H.K1e
e. Motion sickness
PA.I.H.K1f
f. Carbon monoxide poisoning
PA.I.H.K1g
g. Stress
PA.I.H.K1h
h. Fatigue
PA.I.H.K1i
i. Dehydration and nutrition
PA.I.H.K1j
j. Hypothermia
PA.I.H.K1k
k. Optical illusions
PA.I.H.K1l
l. Dissolved nitrogen in the bloodstream after scuba dives
PA.I.H.K2
Regulations regarding use of alcohol and drugs.
PA.I.H.K3
Effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter medications.
PA.I.H.K4
Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) to include using Crew Resource Management (CRM) or Single-Pilot Resource Management (SRM), as appropriate.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.I.H.R1
Aeromedical and physiological issues.
PA.I.H.R2
Hazardous attitudes.
PA.I.H.R3
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.I.H.R4
Confirmation and expectation bias.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.I.H.S1
Associate the symptoms and effects for at least three of the conditions listed in K1a through K1l with the cause(s) and corrective action(s).
PA.I.H.S2
Perform self-assessment, including fitness for flight and personal minimums, for actual flight or a scenario given by the evaluator.
 
Task I. Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine Navigation (ASES, AMES)
References: AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM; USCG Navigation Rules
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with water and seaplane characteristics, seaplane bases, maritime rules, and aids to marine navigation.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.I.I.K1
The characteristics of a water surface as affected by features, such as:
PA.I.I.K1a
a. Size and location
PA.I.I.K1b
b. Protected and unprotected areas
PA.I.I.K1c
c. Surface wind
PA.I.I.K1d
d. Direction and strength of water current
PA.I.I.K1e
e. Floating and partially submerged debris
PA.I.I.K1f
f. Sandbars, islands, and shoals
PA.I.I.K1g
g. Vessel traffic and wakes
PA.I.I.K1h
h. Other characteristics specific to the area
PA.I.I.K1i
i. Direction and height of waves
PA.I.I.K2
Float and hull construction, and its effect on seaplane performance.
PA.I.I.K3
Causes of porpoising and skipping, and the pilot action needed to prevent or correct these occurrences.
PA.I.I.K4
How to locate and identify seaplane bases on charts or in directories.
PA.I.I.K5
Operating restrictions at various bases.
PA.I.I.K6
Right-of-way, steering, and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane operation.
PA.I.I.K7
Marine navigation aids, such as buoys, beacons, lights, sound signals, and range markers.
PA.I.I.K8
Naval vessel protection zones.
PA.I.I.K9
No wake zones.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.I.I.R1
Local conditions.
PA.I.I.R2
Impact of marine traffic.
PA.I.I.R3
Right-of-way and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane operations.
PA.I.I.R4
Limited services and assistance available at seaplane bases.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.I.I.S1
Assess the water surface characteristics for the proposed flight.
PA.I.I.S2
Identify restrictions at local seaplane bases.
PA.I.I.S3
Identify marine navigation aids.
PA.I.I.S4
Describe correct right-of-way, steering, and sailing operations.
PA.I.I.S5
Explain how float and hull construction can affect seaplane performance.
PA.I.I.S6
Describe how to correct for porpoising and skipping.
 
 
Area of Operation II. Preflight Procedures
 
Task A. Preflight Assessment
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25, FAA-H-8083-28; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with preparation for safe flight.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.II.A.K1
Pilot self-assessment.
PA.II.A.K2
Determining that the airplane to be used is appropriate and airworthy.
PA.II.A.K3
Airplane preflight inspection including:
PA.II.A.K3a
a. Which items must be inspected
PA.II.A.K3b
b. The reasons for checking each item
PA.II.A.K3c
c. How to detect possible defects
PA.II.A.K3d
d. The associated regulations
PA.II.A.K4
Environmental factors including weather, terrain, route selection, and obstructions.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.II.A.R1
Pilot.
PA.II.A.R2
Aircraft.
PA.II.A.R3
Environment (e.g., weather, airports, airspace, terrain, obstacles).
PA.II.A.R4
External pressures.
PA.II.A.R5
Aviation security concerns.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.II.A.S1
Inspect the airplane with reference to an appropriate checklist.
PA.II.A.S2
Verify the airplane is in condition for safe flight and conforms to its type design.
PA.II.A.S3
Perform self-assessment.
PA.II.A.S4
Continue to assess the environment for safe flight.
 
Task B. Flight Deck Management
References: 14 CFR part 91; AC 120-71; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with flight deck management practices.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.II.B.K1
Passenger briefing requirements, to include operation and required use of safety restraint systems.
PA.II.B.K2
Use of appropriate checklists.
PA.II.B.K3
Requirements for current and appropriate navigation data.
PA.II.B.K4
Securing items and cargo.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.II.B.R1
Use of systems or equipment, including automation and portable electronic devices.
PA.II.B.R2
Inoperative equipment.
PA.II.B.R3
Passenger distractions.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.II.B.S1
Secure all items in the aircraft.
PA.II.B.S2
Conduct an appropriate passenger briefing, including identifying the pilot-in-command (PIC), use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, doors, passenger conduct, sterile aircraft, propeller blade avoidance, and emergency procedures.
PA.II.B.S3
Properly program and manage the aircraft’s automation, as applicable.
PA.II.B.S4
Appropriately manage risks by utilizing ADM, including SRM/CRM.
 
Task C. Engine Starting
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with recommended engine starting procedures.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.II.C.K1
Starting under various conditions.
PA.II.C.K2
Starting the engine(s) by use of external power.
PA.II.C.K3
Engine limitations as they relate to starting.
PA.II.C.K4
Conditions leading to and procedures for an aborted start.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.II.C.R1
Propeller safety.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.II.C.S1
Position the airplane properly considering structures, other aircraft, wind, and the safety of nearby persons and property.
PA.II.C.S2
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
 
Task D. Taxiing (ASEL, AMEL)
References: AC 91-73; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with taxi operations, including runway incursion avoidance.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.II.D.K1
Current airport aeronautical references and information resources such as the Chart Supplement, airport diagram, and NOTAMS.
PA.II.D.K2
Taxi instructions/clearances.
PA.II.D.K3
Airport markings, signs, and lights.
PA.II.D.K4
Visual indicators for wind.
PA.II.D.K5
Aircraft lighting.
PA.II.D.K6
Procedures for:
PA.II.D.K6a
a. Appropriate flight deck activities prior to taxi, including route planning and identifying the location of Hot Spots
PA.II.D.K6b
b. Radio communications at towered and nontowered airports
PA.II.D.K6c
c. Entering or crossing runways
PA.II.D.K6d
d. Night taxi operations
PA.II.D.K6e
e. Low visibility taxi operations
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.II.D.R1
Activities and distractions.
PA.II.D.R2
Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.
PA.II.D.R3
A taxi route or departure runway change.
PA.II.D.R4
Runway incursion.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.II.D.S1
Receive and correctly read back clearances/instructions, if applicable.
PA.II.D.S2
Use an airport diagram or taxi chart during taxi, if published, and maintain situational awareness.
PA.II.D.S3
Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
PA.II.D.S4
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.II.D.S5
Perform a brake check immediately after the airplane begins moving.
PA.II.D.S6
Maintain positive control of the airplane during ground operations by controlling direction and speed without excessive use of brakes.
PA.II.D.S7
Comply with airport/taxiway markings, signals, and air traffic control (ATC) clearances and instructions.
PA.II.D.S8
Position the airplane properly relative to hold lines.
 
Task E. Taxiing and Sailing (ASES, AMES)
References: AC 91-73; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with taxiing and sailing operations, including runway incursion avoidance.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.II.E.K1
Airport information resources including Chart Supplements, airport diagram, and appropriate references.
PA.II.E.K2
Taxi instructions/clearances.
PA.II.E.K3
Airport/seaplane base markings, signs, and lights.
PA.II.E.K4
Visual indicators for wind.
PA.II.E.K5
Airplane lighting.
PA.II.E.K6
Procedures for:
PA.II.E.K6a
a. Appropriate flight deck activities during taxiing or sailing
PA.II.E.K6b
b. Radio communications at towered and nontowered seaplane bases
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.II.E.R1
Activities and distractions.
PA.II.E.R2
Porpoising and skipping.
PA.II.E.R3
Low visibility taxi and sailing operations.
PA.II.E.R4
Other aircraft, vessels, and hazards.
PA.II.E.R5
Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.II.E.S1
Receive and correctly read back clearances/instructions, if applicable.
PA.II.E.S2
Use an appropriate airport diagram or taxi chart, if published.
PA.II.E.S3
Comply with seaplane base/airport/taxiway markings, signals, and signs.
PA.II.E.S4
Depart the dock/mooring buoy or beach/ramp in a safe manner, considering wind, current, traffic, and hazards.
PA.II.E.S5
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.II.E.S6
Position the flight controls, flaps, doors, water rudders, and power correctly for the existing conditions to follow the desired course while sailing and to prevent or correct for porpoising and skipping during step taxi.
PA.II.E.S7
Exhibit procedures for steering and maneuvering while maintaining proper situational awareness and desired orientation, path, and position while taxiing using idle, plow, or step taxi technique, as appropriate.
PA.II.E.S8
Plan and follow the most favorable taxi or sailing course for current conditions.
PA.II.E.S9
Abide by right-of-way rules, maintain positive airplane control, proper speed, and separation between other aircraft, vessels, and persons.
PA.II.E.S10
Comply with applicable taxi elements in Task D if the practical test is conducted in an amphibious airplane.
 
Task F. Before Takeoff Check
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with before takeoff check.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.II.F.K1
Purpose of pre-takeoff checklist items including:
PA.II.F.K1a
a. Reasons for checking each item
PA.II.F.K1b
b. Detecting malfunctions
PA.II.F.K1c
c. Ensuring the airplane is in safe operating condition as recommended by the manufacturer
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.II.F.R1
Division of attention while conducting before takeoff checks.
PA.II.F.R2
Unexpected runway changes by air traffic control (ATC).
PA.II.F.R3
Wake turbulence.
PA.II.F.R4
Potential powerplant failure during takeoff or other malfunction considering operational factors such as airplane characteristics, runway/takeoff path length, surface conditions, environmental conditions, and obstructions.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.II.F.S1
Review takeoff performance.
PA.II.F.S2
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.II.F.S3
Position the airplane appropriately considering wind direction and the presence of any aircraft, vessels, or buildings as applicable.
PA.II.F.S4
Divide attention inside and outside the flight deck.
PA.II.F.S5
Verify that engine parameters and airplane configuration are suitable.
 
 
Area of Operation III. Airport and Seaplane Base Operations
 
Task A. Communications, Light Signals, and Runway Lighting Systems
References: 14 CFR part 91; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with normal and emergency radio communications, air traffic control (ATC) light signals, and runway lighting systems.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.III.A.K1
How to obtain proper radio frequencies.
PA.III.A.K2
Proper radio communication procedures and ATC phraseology.
PA.III.A.K3
ATC light signal recognition.
PA.III.A.K4
Appropriate use of transponders.
PA.III.A.K5
Lost communication procedures.
PA.III.A.K6
Equipment issues that could cause loss of communication.
PA.III.A.K7
Radar assistance.
PA.III.A.K8
National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) accident/incident reporting.
PA.III.A.K9
Runway Status Lighting Systems.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.III.A.R1
Communication.
PA.III.A.R2
Deciding if and when to declare an emergency.
PA.III.A.R3
[Archived]
PA.III.A.R4
Use of non-standard phraseology.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.III.A.S1
Select and activate appropriate frequencies.
PA.III.A.S2
Transmit using standard phraseology and procedures as specified in the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) and Pilot/Controller Glossary.
PA.III.A.S3
Acknowledge radio communications and comply with ATC instructions or as directed by the evaluator.
 
Task B. Traffic Patterns
References: 14 CFR part 91; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with traffic patterns.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.III.B.K1
Towered and nontowered airport operations.
PA.III.B.K2
Runway selection for the current conditions.
PA.III.B.K3
Right-of-way rules.
PA.III.B.K4
Use of automated weather and airport information.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.III.B.R1
Collision hazards.
PA.III.B.R2
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.III.B.R3
Windshear and wake turbulence.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.III.B.S1
Identify and interpret airport/seaplane base runways, taxiways, markings, signs, and lighting.
PA.III.B.S2
Comply with recommended traffic pattern procedures.
PA.III.B.S3
Correct for wind drift to maintain the proper ground track.
PA.III.B.S4
Maintain orientation with the runway/landing area in use.
PA.III.B.S5
Maintain traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet, and the appropriate airspeed, ±10 knots.
PA.III.B.S6
Maintain situational awareness and proper spacing from other aircraft in the traffic pattern.
 
 
Area of Operation IV. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds
 
Task A. Normal Takeoff and Climb
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with normal takeoff, climb operations, and rejected takeoff procedures.
Note: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant’s knowledge of crosswind elements must be evaluated through oral testing.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.IV.A.K1
Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
PA.IV.A.K2
VX and VY
PA.IV.A.K3
Appropriate airplane configuration.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.IV.A.R1
Selection of runway or takeoff path based on aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.A.R2
Effects of:
PA.IV.A.R2a
a. Crosswind
PA.IV.A.R2b
b. Windshear
PA.IV.A.R2c
c. Tailwind
PA.IV.A.R2d
d. Wake turbulence
PA.IV.A.R2e
e. Takeoff surface/condition
PA.IV.A.R3
Abnormal operations, including planning for:
PA.IV.A.R3a
a. Rejected takeoff
PA.IV.A.R3b
b. Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
PA.IV.A.R4
Collision hazards.
PA.IV.A.R5
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.A.R6
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.A.R7
Runway incursion.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.IV.A.S1
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.A.S2
Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.A.S3
Verify assigned/correct runway or takeoff path.
PA.IV.A.S4
Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
PA.IV.A.S5
Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
PA.IV.A.S6
Clear the area, taxi into takeoff position, and align the airplane on the runway centerline (ASEL, AMEL) or takeoff path (ASES, AMES).
PA.IV.A.S6a
a. Retract the water rudders, as appropriate (ASES, AMES)
PA.IV.A.S7
Advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power and confirm proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation.
PA.IV.A.S7a
a. Establish and maintain the most efficient planing/lift-off attitude, and correct for porpoising or skipping (ASES, AMES)
PA.IV.A.S8
Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s) (ASES, AMES).
PA.IV.A.S9
Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed and accelerate to VY.
PA.IV.A.S10
[Archived]
PA.IV.A.S11
Establish a pitch attitude to maintain the manufacturer’s recommended speed or VY, +10/-5 knots.
PA.IV.A.S12
Configure the airplane in accordance with manufacturer’s guidance.
PA.IV.A.S13
Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
PA.IV.A.S14
Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
PA.IV.A.S15
Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.
 
Task B. Normal Approach and Landing
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with normal approach and landing with emphasis on proper use and coordination of flight controls.
Note: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant’s knowledge of crosswind elements must be evaluated through oral testing.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.IV.B.K1
A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts.
PA.IV.B.K2
Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
PA.IV.B.K3
Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.IV.B.R1
Selection of runway/landing surface, approach path, and touchdown area based on pilot capability, aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.B.R2
Effects of:
PA.IV.B.R2a
a. Crosswind
PA.IV.B.R2b
b. Windshear
PA.IV.B.R2c
c. Tailwind
PA.IV.B.R2d
d. Wake turbulence
PA.IV.B.R2e
e. Landing surface/condition
PA.IV.B.R3
Planning for:
PA.IV.B.R3a
a. Rejected landing and go-around
PA.IV.B.R3b
b. Land and hold short operations (LAHSO)
PA.IV.B.R4
Collision hazards.
PA.IV.B.R5
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.B.R6
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.IV.B.S1
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.B.S2
Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.B.S3
Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway or landing surface.
PA.IV.B.S4
Scan the runway or landing surface and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.
PA.IV.B.S5
Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
PA.IV.B.S6
Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
PA.IV.B.S7
Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 times the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration (VSO), +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.
PA.IV.B.S8
Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
PA.IV.B.S9
Make smooth, timely, and correct control application during round out and touchdown.
PA.IV.B.S10
Touch down at a proper pitch attitude, within 400 feet beyond or on the specified point, with no side drift, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center/landing path.
PA.IV.B.S11
Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.
PA.IV.B.S12
Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.
 
Task C. Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb (ASEL)
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with soft-field takeoff, climb operations, and rejected takeoff procedures.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.IV.C.K1
Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
PA.IV.C.K2
VX and VY
PA.IV.C.K3
Appropriate airplane configuration.
PA.IV.C.K4
Ground effect.
PA.IV.C.K5
Importance of weight transfer from wheels to wings.
PA.IV.C.K6
Left turning tendencies.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.IV.C.R1
Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.C.R2
Effects of:
PA.IV.C.R2a
a. Crosswind
PA.IV.C.R2b
b. Windshear
PA.IV.C.R2c
c. Tailwind
PA.IV.C.R2d
d. Wake turbulence
PA.IV.C.R2e
e. Takeoff surface/condition
PA.IV.C.R3
Abnormal operations, including planning for:
PA.IV.C.R3a
a. Rejected takeoff
PA.IV.C.R3b
b. Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
PA.IV.C.R4
Collision hazards.
PA.IV.C.R5
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.C.R6
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.IV.C.S1
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.C.S2
Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.C.S3
Verify assigned/correct runway.
PA.IV.C.S4
Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
PA.IV.C.S5
Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
PA.IV.C.S6
Clear the area, maintain necessary flight control inputs, taxi into takeoff position and align the airplane on the runway centerline without stopping, while advancing the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.
PA.IV.C.S7
Confirm takeoff power and proper engine and flight instrument indications.
PA.IV.C.S8
Establish and maintain a pitch attitude that transfers the weight of the airplane from the wheels to the wings as rapidly as possible.
PA.IV.C.S9
Lift off at the lowest possible airspeed and remain in ground effect while accelerating to VX or VY, as appropriate.
PA.IV.C.S10
Establish a pitch attitude for VX or VY, as appropriate, and maintain selected airspeed +10/-5 knots during the climb.
PA.IV.C.S11
Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer’s instructions.
PA.IV.C.S12
MaintainVX or VY, as appropriate, +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
PA.IV.C.S13
Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
PA.IV.C.S14
Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.
 
Task D. Soft-Field Approach and Landing (ASEL)
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with soft-field approach and landing with emphasis on proper use and coordination of flight controls.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.IV.D.K1
A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts.
PA.IV.D.K2
Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
PA.IV.D.K3
Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.IV.D.R1
Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.D.R2
Effects of:
PA.IV.D.R2a
a. Crosswind
PA.IV.D.R2b
b. Windshear
PA.IV.D.R2c
c. Tailwind
PA.IV.D.R2d
d. Wake turbulence
PA.IV.D.R2e
e. Landing surface/condition
PA.IV.D.R3
Planning for:
PA.IV.D.R3a
a. Rejected landing and go-around
PA.IV.D.R3b
b. Land and hold short operations (LAHSO)
PA.IV.D.R4
Collision hazards.
PA.IV.D.R5
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.D.R6
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.IV.D.S1
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.D.S2
Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.D.S3
Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway.
PA.IV.D.S4
Scan the landing runway and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.
PA.IV.D.S5
Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
PA.IV.D.S6
Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
PA.IV.D.S7
Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.
PA.IV.D.S8
Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
PA.IV.D.S9
Make smooth, timely, and correct control inputs during the round out and touchdown, and, for tricycle gear airplanes, keep the nose wheel off the surface until loss of elevator effectiveness.
PA.IV.D.S10
Touch down at a proper pitch attitude with minimum sink rate, no side drift, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with the center of the runway.
PA.IV.D.S11
Maintain elevator as recommended by manufacturer during rollout and exit the “soft” area at a speed that would preclude sinking into the surface.
PA.IV.D.S12
Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.
PA.IV.D.S13
Maintain proper position of the flight controls and sufficient speed to taxi while on the soft surface.
 
Task E. Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb (ASEL, AMEL)
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with short-field takeoff, maximum performance climb operations, and rejected takeoff procedures.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.IV.E.K1
Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
PA.IV.E.K2
Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
PA.IV.E.K3
Appropriate airplane configuration.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.IV.E.R1
Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.E.R2
Effects of:
PA.IV.E.R2a
a. Crosswind
PA.IV.E.R2b
b. Windshear
PA.IV.E.R2c
c. Tailwind
PA.IV.E.R2d
d. Wake turbulence
PA.IV.E.R2e
e. Takeoff surface/condition
PA.IV.E.R3
Abnormal operations, including planning for:
PA.IV.E.R3a
a. Rejected takeoff
PA.IV.E.R3b
b. Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
PA.IV.E.R4
Collision hazards.
PA.IV.E.R5
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.E.R6
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.IV.E.S1
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.E.S2
Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.E.S3
Verify assigned/correct runway.
PA.IV.E.S4
Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
PA.IV.E.S5
Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
PA.IV.E.S6
Clear the area, taxi into takeoff position, and align the airplane on the runway centerline utilizing maximum available takeoff area.
PA.IV.E.S7
Apply brakes while setting engine power to achieve maximum performance.
PA.IV.E.S8
Confirm takeoff power prior to brake release and verify proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation.
PA.IV.E.S9
Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed and accelerate to the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX, +10/-5 knots.
PA.IV.E.S10
Establish a pitch attitude to maintain the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX, +10/-5 knots until the obstacle is cleared or until the airplane is 50 feet above the surface.
PA.IV.E.S11
Establish a pitch attitude for VY and accelerate to VY +10/-5 knots after clearing the obstacle or at 50 feet AGL if simulating an obstacle.
PA.IV.E.S12
Configure the airplane in accordance with the manufacturer’s guidance after a positive rate of climb has been verified.
PA.IV.E.S13
Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
PA.IV.E.S14
Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
PA.IV.E.S15
Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.
 
Task F. Short-Field Approach and Landing (ASEL, AMEL)
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with short-field approach and landing with emphasis on proper use and coordination of flight controls.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.IV.F.K1
A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts.
PA.IV.F.K2
Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
PA.IV.F.K3
Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.IV.F.R1
Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.F.R2
Effects of:
PA.IV.F.R2a
a. Crosswind
PA.IV.F.R2b
b. Windshear
PA.IV.F.R2c
c. Tailwind
PA.IV.F.R2d
d. Wake turbulence
PA.IV.F.R2e
e. Landing surface/condition
PA.IV.F.R3
Planning for:
PA.IV.F.R3a
a. Rejected landing and go-around
PA.IV.F.R3b
b. Land and hold short operations (LAHSO)
PA.IV.F.R4
Collision hazards.
PA.IV.F.R5
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.F.R6
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.IV.F.S1
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.F.S2
Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.F.S3
Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway.
PA.IV.F.S4
Scan the landing runway and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.
PA.IV.F.S5
Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
PA.IV.F.S6
Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
PA.IV.F.S7
Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.
PA.IV.F.S8
Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
PA.IV.F.S9
Make smooth, timely, and correct control application before, during, and after touchdown.
PA.IV.F.S10
Touch down at a proper pitch attitude within 200 feet beyond or on the specified point, threshold markings, or runway numbers, with no side drift, minimum float, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway centerline.
PA.IV.F.S11
Use manufacturer’s recommended procedures for airplane configuration and braking.
PA.IV.F.S12
Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.
PA.IV.F.S13
Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.
 
Task G. Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb (ASES, AMES)
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with confined area takeoff and maximum performance climb.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.IV.G.K1
Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
PA.IV.G.K2
Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
PA.IV.G.K3
Appropriate airplane configuration.
PA.IV.G.K4
Effects of water surface.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.IV.G.R1
Selection of takeoff path based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.G.R2
Effects of:
PA.IV.G.R2a
a. Crosswind
PA.IV.G.R2b
b. Windshear
PA.IV.G.R2c
c. Tailwind
PA.IV.G.R2d
d. Wake turbulence
PA.IV.G.R2e
e. Water surface/condition
PA.IV.G.R3
Abnormal operations, including planning for:
PA.IV.G.R3a
a. Rejected takeoff
PA.IV.G.R3b
b. Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
PA.IV.G.R4
Collision hazards.
PA.IV.G.R5
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.G.R6
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.IV.G.S1
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.G.S2
Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.G.S3
Verify assigned/correct takeoff path.
PA.IV.G.S4
Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
PA.IV.G.S5
Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
PA.IV.G.S6
Clear the area, taxi into takeoff position utilizing maximum available takeoff area, and align the airplane on the takeoff path.
PA.IV.G.S6a
a. Retract the water rudders, as appropriate
PA.IV.G.S7
Advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power and confirm proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation.
PA.IV.G.S8
Establish a pitch attitude that maintains the most efficient planing/lift-off attitude and correct for porpoising and skipping.
PA.IV.G.S9
Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s).
PA.IV.G.S10
Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed, and accelerate to the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX.
PA.IV.G.S11
Establish a pitch attitude to maintain the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX, +10/-5 knots until the obstacle is cleared or until the airplane is 50 feet above the surface.
PA.IV.G.S12
Establish a pitch attitude for VY and accelerate to VY +10/-5 knots after clearing the obstacle or at 50 feet AGL if simulating an obstacle.
PA.IV.G.S13
Retract flaps, if extended, after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer’s guidance.
PA.IV.G.S14
Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
PA.IV.G.S15
Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
PA.IV.G.S16
Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.
 
Task H. Confined Area Approach and Landing (ASES, AMES)
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with confined area approach and landing.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.IV.H.K1
A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts.
PA.IV.H.K2
Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
PA.IV.H.K3
Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.IV.H.R1
Selection of approach path and touchdown area based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.H.R2
Effects of:
PA.IV.H.R2a
a. Crosswind
PA.IV.H.R2b
b. Windshear
PA.IV.H.R2c
c. Tailwind
PA.IV.H.R2d
d. Wake turbulence
PA.IV.H.R2e
e. Water surface/condition
PA.IV.H.R3
Planning for a go-around and rejected landing.
PA.IV.H.R4
Collision hazards.
PA.IV.H.R5
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.H.R6
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.IV.H.S1
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.H.S2
Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.H.S3
Ensure the airplane is aligned for an approach to the correct/assigned landing surface.
PA.IV.H.S4
Scan the landing area for traffic and obstructions.
PA.IV.H.S5
Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
PA.IV.H.S6
Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
PA.IV.H.S7
Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.
PA.IV.H.S8
Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
PA.IV.H.S9
Make smooth, timely, and correct control application before, during, and after touchdown.
PA.IV.H.S10
Contact the water at the recommended airspeed with a proper pitch attitude for the surface conditions.
PA.IV.H.S11
Touch down at a proper pitch attitude, within 200 feet beyond or on the specified point, with no side drift, minimum float, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with the projected landing path.
PA.IV.H.S12
Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.
PA.IV.H.S13
Apply elevator control as necessary to stop in the shortest distance consistent with safety.
 
Task I. Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb (ASES, AMES)
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with glassy water takeoff and climb.
Note: If a glassy water condition does not exist, the applicant must be evaluated by simulating the Task.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.IV.I.K1
Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
PA.IV.I.K2
Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
PA.IV.I.K3
Appropriate airplane configuration.
PA.IV.I.K4
Appropriate use of glassy water takeoff and climb technique.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.IV.I.R1
Selection of takeoff path based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, and available distance.
PA.IV.I.R2
Water surface/condition.
PA.IV.I.R3
Abnormal operations, including planning for:
PA.IV.I.R3a
a. Rejected takeoff
PA.IV.I.R3b
b. Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
PA.IV.I.R4
Collision hazards.
PA.IV.I.R5
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.I.R6
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.I.R7
Gear position in an amphibious airplane.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.IV.I.S1
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.I.S2
Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.I.S3
Position flight controls and configure the aircraft for the existing conditions.
PA.IV.I.S4
Clear the area, select appropriate takeoff path considering surface hazards or vessels and surface conditions:
PA.IV.I.S4a
a. Retract the water rudders, as appropriate
PA.IV.I.S4b
b. Advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power and confirm proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation
PA.IV.I.S5
[Archived]
PA.IV.I.S6
Establish and maintain an appropriate planing attitude, directional control, and correct for porpoising, skipping, and increase in water drag.
PA.IV.I.S7
Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s).
PA.IV.I.S8
Use appropriate techniques to lift seaplane from the water considering surface conditions.
PA.IV.I.S9
Establish proper attitude/airspeed and accelerate to VY +10/-5 knots during the climb.
PA.IV.I.S10
Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer’s instructions.
PA.IV.I.S11
Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
PA.IV.I.S12
Maintain directional control throughout takeoff and climb.
 
Task J. Glassy Water Approach and Landing (ASES, AMES)
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with glassy water approach and landing.
Note: If a glassy water condition does not exist, the applicant must be evaluated by simulating the Task.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.IV.J.K1
A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts.
PA.IV.J.K2
Effects of atmospheric conditions on approach and landing performance.
PA.IV.J.K3
When and why glassy water techniques are used.
PA.IV.J.K4
How a glassy water approach and landing is executed.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.IV.J.R1
Selection of approach path and touchdown area based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, and available distance.
PA.IV.J.R2
Water surface/condition.
PA.IV.J.R3
Planning for a go-around and rejected landing.
PA.IV.J.R4
Collision hazards.
PA.IV.J.R5
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.J.R6
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.J.R7
Gear position in an amphibious airplane.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.IV.J.S1
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.J.S2
Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.J.S3
Scan the landing area for traffic and obstructions.
PA.IV.J.S4
Select a proper approach and landing path considering the landing surface, visual attitude references, water depth, and collision hazards.
PA.IV.J.S5
Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
PA.IV.J.S6
Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots.
PA.IV.J.S7
Make smooth, timely, and correct power and control adjustments to maintain proper pitch attitude and rate of descent to touchdown.
PA.IV.J.S8
Contact the water in a proper pitch attitude, and slow to idle taxi speed.
PA.IV.J.S9
Maintain directional control throughout the approach and landing.
 
Task K. Rough Water Takeoff and Climb (ASES, AMES)
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with rough water takeoff and climb.
Note: If a rough water condition does not exist, the applicant must be evaluated by simulating the Task.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.IV.K.K1
Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
PA.IV.K.K2
Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
PA.IV.K.K3
Appropriate airplane configuration.
PA.IV.K.K4
Appropriate use of rough water takeoff and climb technique.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.IV.K.R1
Selection of takeoff path based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.K.R2
Effects of:
PA.IV.K.R2a
a. Crosswind
PA.IV.K.R2b
b. Windshear
PA.IV.K.R2c
c. Tailwind
PA.IV.K.R2d
d. Wake turbulence
PA.IV.K.R2e
e. Water surface/condition
PA.IV.K.R3
Abnormal operations, including planning for:
PA.IV.K.R3a
a. Rejected takeoff
PA.IV.K.R3b
b. Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
PA.IV.K.R4
Collision hazards.
PA.IV.K.R5
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.K.R6
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.K.R7
Gear position in an amphibious airplane.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.IV.K.S1
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.K.S2
Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.K.S3
Verify assigned/correct takeoff path.
PA.IV.K.S4
Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
PA.IV.K.S5
Position flight controls and configure the airplane for the existing conditions.
PA.IV.K.S6
Clear the area, select an appropriate takeoff path considering wind, swells, surface hazards, or vessels.
PA.IV.K.S6a
a. Retract the water rudders, as appropriate
PA.IV.K.S6b
b. Advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power and confirm proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation
PA.IV.K.S7
[Archived]
PA.IV.K.S8
Establish and maintain an appropriate planing attitude, directional control, and correct for porpoising, skipping, and increase in water drag.
PA.IV.K.S9
Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s).
PA.IV.K.S10
Lift off at minimum airspeed and accelerate to VY +10/-5 knots before leaving ground effect.
PA.IV.K.S11
Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer's instructions.
PA.IV.K.S12
Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
PA.IV.K.S13
Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
 
Task L. Rough Water Approach and Landing (ASES, AMES)
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with rough water approach and landing.
Note: If a rough water condition does not exist, the applicant must be evaluated by simulating the Task.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.IV.L.K1
A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
PA.IV.L.K2
Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
PA.IV.L.K3
Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.
PA.IV.L.K4
When and why rough water techniques are used.
PA.IV.L.K5
How to perform a proper rough water approach and landing.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.IV.L.R1
Selection of approach path and touchdown area based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.L.R2
Effects of:
PA.IV.L.R2a
a. Crosswind
PA.IV.L.R2b
b. Windshear
PA.IV.L.R2c
c. Tailwind
PA.IV.L.R2d
d. Wake turbulence
PA.IV.L.R2e
e. Water surface/condition
PA.IV.L.R3
Planning for a go-around and rejected landing.
PA.IV.L.R4
Collision hazards.
PA.IV.L.R5
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.L.R6
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.L.R7
Gear position in an amphibious airplane.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.IV.L.S1
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.L.S2
Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.L.S3
Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned waterway.
PA.IV.L.S4
Scan the landing area for traffic and obstructions.
PA.IV.L.S5
Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
PA.IV.L.S6
Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
PA.IV.L.S7
Maintain manufacturer's published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.
PA.IV.L.S8
Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
PA.IV.L.S9
Make smooth, timely, and correct power and control adjustments to maintain proper pitch attitude and rate of descent to touchdown.
PA.IV.L.S10
Contact the water in a proper pitch attitude, considering the type of rough water.
 
Task M. Forward Slip to a Landing (ASEL, ASES)
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with forward slip to a landing.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.IV.M.K1
Concepts of energy management during a forward slip approach.
PA.IV.M.K2
Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
PA.IV.M.K3
Wind correction techniques during forward slip.
PA.IV.M.K4
When and why a forward slip approach is used during an approach.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.IV.M.R1
Selection of runway/landing surface, approach path, and touchdown area based on pilot capability, aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.M.R2
Effects of:
PA.IV.M.R2a
a. Crosswind
PA.IV.M.R2b
b. Windshear
PA.IV.M.R2c
c. Tailwind
PA.IV.M.R2d
d. Wake turbulence
PA.IV.M.R2e
e. Landing surface/condition
PA.IV.M.R3
Planning for:
PA.IV.M.R3a
a. Rejected landing and go-around
PA.IV.M.R3b
b. Land and hold short operations (LAHSO)
PA.IV.M.R4
Collision hazards.
PA.IV.M.R5
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.M.R6
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.M.R7
Forward slip operations, including fuel flowage, tail stalls with flaps, and airspeed control.
PA.IV.M.R8
Surface contact with the airplane's longitudinal axis misaligned.
PA.IV.M.R9
Unstable approach.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.IV.M.S1
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.M.S2
Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.M.S3
Plan and follow a flightpath to the selected landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions.
PA.IV.M.S4
Select the most suitable touchdown point based on wind, landing surface, obstructions, and airplane limitations.
PA.IV.M.S5
Position airplane on downwind leg, parallel to landing runway or selected landing surface.
PA.IV.M.S6
Configure the airplane correctly.
PA.IV.M.S7
As necessary, correlate crosswind with direction of forward slip and transition to side slip before touchdown.
PA.IV.M.S8
Touch down at a proper pitch attitude, within 400 feet beyond or on the specified point, with no side drift, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center/landing path.
PA.IV.M.S9
Maintain a ground track aligned with the runway center/landing path.
 
Task N. Go-Around/Rejected Landing
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with go-around/rejected landing with emphasis on factors that contribute to landing conditions that may require a go-around.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.IV.N.K1
A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
PA.IV.N.K2
Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind and density altitude, on a go-around or rejected landing.
PA.IV.N.K3
Wind correction techniques on takeoff/departure and approach/landing.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.IV.N.R1
Delayed recognition of the need for a go-around/rejected landing.
PA.IV.N.R2
Delayed performance of a go-around at low altitude.
PA.IV.N.R3
Power application.
PA.IV.N.R4
Configuring the airplane.
PA.IV.N.R5
Collision hazards.
PA.IV.N.R6
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.N.R7
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.N.R8
Runway incursion.
PA.IV.N.R9
Managing a go-around/rejected landing after accepting a LAHSO clearance.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.IV.N.S1
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.N.S2
Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.N.S3
Make a timely decision to discontinue the approach to landing.
PA.IV.N.S4
Apply takeoff power immediately and transition to climb pitch attitude for VX or VY as appropriate +10/-5 knots.
PA.IV.N.S5
Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer's instructions.
PA.IV.N.S6
Maneuver to the side of the runway/landing area when necessary to clear and avoid conflicting traffic.
PA.IV.N.S7
Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
PA.IV.N.S8
Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the climb.
PA.IV.N.S9
Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.
 
 
Area of Operation V. Performance Maneuvers and Ground Reference Maneuvers
 
Task A. Steep Turns
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with steep turns.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.V.A.K1
How to conduct a proper steep turn.
PA.V.A.K2
Aerodynamics associated with steep turns, including:
PA.V.A.K2a
a. Maintaining coordinated flight
PA.V.A.K2b
b. Overbanking tendencies
PA.V.A.K2c
c. Maneuvering speed, including the impact of weight changes
PA.V.A.K2d
d. Load factor and accelerated stalls
PA.V.A.K2e
e. Rate and radius of turn
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.V.A.R1
Division of attention between aircraft control and orientation.
PA.V.A.R2
Collision hazards.
PA.V.A.R3
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.V.A.R4
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.V.A.R5
Uncoordinated flight.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.V.A.S1
Clear the area.
PA.V.A.S2
Establish the manufacturer's recommended airspeed; or if one is not available, an airspeed not to exceed the maneuvering speed (VA).
PA.V.A.S3
Roll into a coordinated 360° steep turn with approximately a 45° bank.
PA.V.A.S4
Perform the Task in the opposite direction, as specified by evaluator.
PA.V.A.S5
Maintain the entry altitude ±100 feet, airspeed ±10 knots, bank ±5°, and roll out on the entry heading ±10°.
 
Task B. Ground Reference Maneuvers
References: 14 CFR part 61; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with ground reference maneuvering which may include a rectangular course, S-turns, and turns around a point.
Note: The evaluator selects at least one ground reference maneuver for the applicant to demonstrate.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.V.B.K1
Purpose of ground reference maneuvers.
PA.V.B.K2
Effects of wind on ground track and relation to a ground reference.
PA.V.B.K3
Effects of bank angle and groundspeed on rate and radius of turn.
PA.V.B.K4
Relationship of rectangular course to airport traffic pattern.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.V.B.R1
Division of attention between aircraft control and orientation.
PA.V.B.R2
Collision hazards.
PA.V.B.R3
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.V.B.R4
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.V.B.R5
Uncoordinated flight.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.V.B.S1
Clear the area.
PA.V.B.S2
Select a suitable ground reference area, line, or point as appropriate.
PA.V.B.S3
Plan the maneuver:
PA.V.B.S3a
a. Rectangular course: enter a left or right pattern, 600 to 1,000 feet above ground level (AGL) at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area, 45° to the downwind leg
PA.V.B.S3b
b. S-turns: enter perpendicular to the selected reference line, 600 to 1,000 feet AGL at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area
PA.V.B.S3c
c. Turns around a point: enter at an appropriate distance from the reference point, 600 to 1,000 feet AGL at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area
PA.V.B.S4
Apply adequate wind-drift correction during straight and turning flight to maintain a constant ground track around a rectangular reference area, or to maintain a constant radius turn on each side of a selected reference line or point.
PA.V.B.S5
If performing S-Turns, reverse the turn directly over the selected reference line; if performing turns around a point, complete turns in either direction, as specified by the evaluator.
PA.V.B.S6
Divide attention between airplane control, traffic avoidance and the ground track while maintaining coordinated flight.
PA.V.B.S7
Maintain altitude ±100 feet; maintain airspeed ±10 knots.
 
 
Area of Operation VI. Navigation
 
Task A. Pilotage and Dead Reckoning
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; VFR Navigation Charts
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with pilotage and dead reckoning.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.VI.A.K1
Pilotage and dead reckoning.
PA.VI.A.K2
Magnetic compass errors.
PA.VI.A.K3
Topography.
PA.VI.A.K4
Selection of appropriate:
PA.VI.A.K4a
a. Route
PA.VI.A.K4b
b. Altitude(s)
PA.VI.A.K4c
c. Checkpoints
PA.VI.A.K5
Plotting a course, including:
PA.VI.A.K5a
a. Determining heading, speed, and course
PA.VI.A.K5b
b. Wind correction angle
PA.VI.A.K5c
c. Estimating time, speed, and distance
PA.VI.A.K5d
d. True airspeed and density altitude
PA.VI.A.K6
Power setting selection.
PA.VI.A.K7
Planned calculations versus actual results and required corrections.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.VI.A.R1
Collision hazards.
PA.VI.A.R2
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VI.A.R3
Unplanned fuel/power consumption, if applicable.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.VI.A.S1
Prepare and use a flight log.
PA.VI.A.S2
Navigate by pilotage.
PA.VI.A.S3
Navigate by means of pre-computed headings, groundspeeds, elapsed time, and reference to landmarks or checkpoints.
PA.VI.A.S4
Use the magnetic direction indicator in navigation, including turns to headings.
PA.VI.A.S5
Verify position within three nautical miles of the flight-planned route.
PA.VI.A.S6
Arrive at the en route checkpoints within five minutes of the initial or revised estimated time of arrival (ETA) and provide a destination estimate.
PA.VI.A.S7
Maintain the selected altitude, ±200 feet and heading, ±15°.
 
Task B. Navigation Systems and Radar Services
References: AC 91-78; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with navigation systems and radar services.
Note: The evaluator should reference the manufacturer's equipment supplement(s) as necessary for appropriate limitations, procedures, etc.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.VI.B.K1
Ground-based navigation (identification, orientation, course determination, equipment, tests, regulations, interference, appropriate use of navigation data, and signal integrity).
PA.VI.B.K2
Satellite-based navigation (e.g., equipment, regulations, authorized use of databases, and Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)).
PA.VI.B.K3
Radar assistance to visual flight rules (VFR) aircraft (e.g., operations, equipment, available services, traffic advisories).
PA.VI.B.K4
Transponder (Mode(s) A, C, and S) and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B).
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.VI.B.R1
Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.
PA.VI.B.R2
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VI.B.R3
Limitations of the navigation system in use.
PA.VI.B.R4
Loss of a navigation signal.
PA.VI.B.R5
Use of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.VI.B.S1
Use an airborne electronic navigation system.
PA.VI.B.S2
Determine the airplane's position using the navigation system.
PA.VI.B.S3
Intercept and track a given course, radial, or bearing.
PA.VI.B.S4
Recognize and describe the indication of station or waypoint passage.
PA.VI.B.S5
Recognize signal loss or interference and take appropriate action, if applicable.
PA.VI.B.S6
Use proper communication procedures when utilizing radar services.
PA.VI.B.S7
Maintain the selected altitude, ±200 feet and heading, ±15°.
 
Task C. Diversion
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; VFR Navigation Charts
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with diversion.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.VI.C.K1
Selecting an alternate destination.
PA.VI.C.K2
Situations that require deviations from flight plan or air traffic control (ATC) instructions.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.VI.C.R1
Collision hazards.
PA.VI.C.R2
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VI.C.R3
Circumstances that would make diversion prudent.
PA.VI.C.R4
Selecting an appropriate airport or seaplane base.
PA.VI.C.R5
Using available resources (e.g., automation, ATC, and flight deck planning aids).
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.VI.C.S1
Select a suitable destination and route for diversion.
PA.VI.C.S2
Make a reasonable estimate of heading, groundspeed, arrival time, and fuel required to the "divert to" destination.
PA.VI.C.S3
Maintain the selected altitude, ±200 feet and heading, ±15°.
PA.VI.C.S4
Update/interpret weather in flight.
PA.VI.C.S5
Use displays of digital weather and aeronautical information, as applicable to maintain situational awareness.
PA.VI.C.S6
Promptly divert toward the destination.
 
Task D. Lost Procedures
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; VFR Navigation Charts
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with lost procedures and can take appropriate steps to achieve a satisfactory outcome if lost.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.VI.D.K1
Methods to determine position.
PA.VI.D.K2
Assistance available if lost (e.g., radar services, communication procedures).
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.VI.D.R1
Collision hazards.
PA.VI.D.R2
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VI.D.R3
Recording times over waypoints.
PA.VI.D.R4
When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.VI.D.S1
Use an appropriate method to determine position.
PA.VI.D.S2
Maintain an appropriate heading and climb as necessary.
PA.VI.D.S3
Identify prominent landmarks.
PA.VI.D.S4
Use navigation systems/facilities or contact an ATC facility for assistance.
PA.VI.D.S5
Select an appropriate course of action.
 
Area of Operation VII. Slow Flight and Stalls
 
Task A. Maneuvering During Slow Flight
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with maneuvering during slow flight in cruise configuration.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.VII.A.K1
Aerodynamics associated with slow flight in various airplane configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.VII.A.R1
Inadvertent slow flight and flight with a stall warning, which could lead to loss of control.
PA.VII.A.R2
Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
PA.VII.A.R3
Uncoordinated flight.
PA.VII.A.R4
Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).
PA.VII.A.R5
Collision hazards.
PA.VII.A.R6
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.VII.A.S1
Clear the area.
PA.VII.A.S2
Select an entry altitude that allows the Task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet above ground level (AGL) (ASEL, ASES) or 3,000 feet AGL (AMEL, AMES).
PA.VII.A.S3
Establish and maintain an airspeed at which any further increase in angle of attack, increase in load factor, or reduction in power, would result in a stall warning (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
PA.VII.A.S4
Accomplish coordinated straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs, and descents with the aircraft configured as specified by the evaluator without a stall warning (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
PA.VII.A.S5
Maintain the specified altitude, ±100 feet; specified heading, ±10°; airspeed, +10/-0 knots; and specified angle of bank, ±10°.
 
Task B. Power-Off Stalls
References: AC 61-67; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with power-off stalls.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.VII.B.K1
Aerodynamics associated with stalls in various airplane configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects.
PA.VII.B.K2
Stall characteristics as they relate to airplane design, and recognition impending stall and full stall indications using sight, sound, or feel.
PA.VII.B.K3
Factors and situations that can lead to a power-off stall and actions that can be taken to prevent it.
PA.VII.B.K4
Fundamentals of stall recovery.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.VII.B.R1
Factors and situations that could lead to an inadvertent power-off stall, spin, and loss of control.
PA.VII.B.R2
Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
PA.VII.B.R3
Stall warning(s) during normal operations.
PA.VII.B.R4
Stall recovery procedure.
PA.VII.B.R5
Secondary stalls, accelerated stalls, and cross-control stalls.
PA.VII.B.R6
Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance related to power-off stalls (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).
PA.VII.B.R7
Collision hazards.
PA.VII.B.R8
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.VII.B.S1
Clear the area.
PA.VII.B.S2
Select an entry altitude that allows the Task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet above ground level (AGL) (ASEL, ASES) or 3,000 feet AGL (AMEL, AMES).
PA.VII.B.S3
Configure the airplane in the approach or landing configuration, as specified by the evaluator, and maintain coordinated flight throughout the maneuver.
PA.VII.B.S4
Establish a stabilized descent.
PA.VII.B.S5
Transition smoothly from the approach or landing attitude to a pitch attitude that induces a stall.
PA.VII.B.S6
Maintain a specified heading ±10° if in straight flight; maintain a specified angle of bank not to exceed 20°, ±10° if in turning flight, while inducing the stall.
PA.VII.B.S7
Acknowledge cues of the impending stall and then recover promptly after a full stall occurs.
PA.VII.B.S8
Execute a stall recovery in accordance with procedures set forth in the Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH) or Airplane Flight Manual (AFM).
PA.VII.B.S9
Configure the airplane as recommended by the manufacturer, and accelerate to best angle of climb speed (VX) or best rate of climb speed (VY).
PA.VII.B.S10
Return to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the evaluator.
PA.VII.B.S11
Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
 
Task C. Power-On Stalls
References: AC 61-67; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with power-on stalls.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.VII.C.K1
Aerodynamics associated with stalls in various airplane configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects.
PA.VII.C.K2
Stall characteristics as they relate to airplane design, and recognition impending stall and full stall indications using sight, sound, or feel.
PA.VII.C.K3
Factors and situations that can lead to a power-on stall and actions that can be taken to prevent it.
PA.VII.C.K4
Fundamentals of stall recovery.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.VII.C.R1
Factors and situations that could lead to an inadvertent power-on stall, spin, and loss of control.
PA.VII.C.R2
Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
PA.VII.C.R3
Stall warning(s) during normal operations.
PA.VII.C.R4
Stall recovery procedure.
PA.VII.C.R5
Secondary stalls, accelerated stalls, elevator trim stalls, and cross-control stalls.
PA.VII.C.R6
Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance related to power-on stalls (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).
PA.VII.C.R7
Collision hazards.
PA.VII.C.R8
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.VII.C.S1
Clear the area.
PA.VII.C.S2
Select an entry altitude that allows the Task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet above ground level (AGL) (ASEL, ASES) or 3,000 feet AGL (AMEL, AMES).
PA.VII.C.S3
Establish the takeoff, departure, or cruise configuration, as specified by the evaluator, and maintain coordinated flight throughout the maneuver.
PA.VII.C.S4
Set power (as assigned by the evaluator) to no less than 65 percent power.
PA.VII.C.S5
Transition smoothly from the takeoff or departure attitude to the pitch attitude that induces a stall.
PA.VII.C.S6
Maintain a specified heading, ±10° if in straight flight; maintain a specified angle of bank not to exceed 20°, ±10° if in turning flight, while inducing the stall.
PA.VII.C.S7
Acknowledge cues of the impending stall and then recover promptly after a full stall occurs.
PA.VII.C.S8
Execute a stall recovery in accordance with procedures set forth in the Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)/Flight Manual (FM).
PA.VII.C.S9
Configure the airplane as recommended by the manufacturer, and accelerate to best angle of climb speed (VX) or best rate of climb speed (VY).
PA.VII.C.S10
Return to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the evaluator.
PA.VII.C.S11
Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
 
Task D. Spin Awareness
References: AC 61-67; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge of the causes and procedures for recovery from unintentional spins and understands the risk associated with unintentional spins.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.VII.D.K1
Aerodynamics associated with spins in various airplane configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects.
PA.VII.D.K2
What causes a spin and how to identify the entry, incipient, and developed phases of a spin.
PA.VII.D.K3
Spin recovery procedure.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.VII.D.R1
Factors and situations that could lead to inadvertent spin and loss of control.
PA.VII.D.R2
Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
PA.VII.D.R3
Spin recovery procedure.
PA.VII.D.R4
Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance related to spins (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).
PA.VII.D.R5
Collision hazards.
PA.VII.D.R6
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
 
[Intentionally left blank].
 
Area of Operation VIII. Basic Instrument Maneuvers
 
Task A. Straight-and-Level Flight
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-25
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with flying during straight-and-level flight solely by reference to instruments.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.VIII.A.K1
Flight instruments as they relate to:
PA.VIII.A.K1a
a. Instrument limitations and potential errors
PA.VIII.A.K1b
b. Indication of the aircraft attitude
PA.VIII.A.K1c
c. Function and operation
PA.VIII.A.K1d
d. Proper instrument cross-check techniques
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.VIII.A.R1
Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.
PA.VIII.A.R2
When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
PA.VIII.A.R3
Collision hazards.
PA.VIII.A.R4
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VIII.A.R5
Fixation and omission.
PA.VIII.A.R6
Instrument Interpretation.
PA.VIII.A.R7
Control application solely by reference to instruments.
PA.VIII.A.R8
Trimming the aircraft.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.VIII.A.S1
Maintain straight-and-level flight using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application.
PA.VIII.A.S2
Maintain altitude ±200 feet, heading ±20°, and airspeed ±10 knots.
 
Task B. Constant Airspeed Climbs
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-25
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with attitude instrument flying during constant airspeed climbs solely by reference to instruments.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.VIII.B.K1
Flight instruments as they relate to:
PA.VIII.B.K1a
a. Instrument limitations and potential errors
PA.VIII.B.K1b
b. Indication of the aircraft attitude
PA.VIII.B.K1c
c. Function and operation
PA.VIII.B.K1d
d. Proper instrument cross-check techniques
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.VIII.B.R1
Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.
PA.VIII.B.R2
When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
PA.VIII.B.R3
Collision hazards.
PA.VIII.B.R4
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VIII.B.R5
Fixation and omission.
PA.VIII.B.R6
Instrument Interpretation.
PA.VIII.B.R7
Control application solely by reference to instruments.
PA.VIII.B.R8
Trimming the aircraft.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.VIII.B.S1
Transition to the climb pitch attitude and power setting on an assigned heading using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated flight control application.
PA.VIII.B.S2
Climb at a constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight and turns.
PA.VIII.B.S3
Level off at the assigned altitude and maintain altitude ±200 feet, heading ±20°, and airspeed ±10 knots.
 
Task C. Constant Airspeed Descents
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-25
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with attitude instrument flying during constant airspeed descents solely by reference to instruments.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.VIII.C.K1
Flight instruments as they relate to:
PA.VIII.C.K1a
a. Instrument limitations and potential errors
PA.VIII.C.K1b
b. Indication of the aircraft attitude
PA.VIII.C.K1c
c. Function and operation
PA.VIII.C.K1d
d. Proper instrument cross-check techniques
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.VIII.C.R1
Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.
PA.VIII.C.R2
When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
PA.VIII.C.R3
Collision hazards.
PA.VIII.C.R4
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VIII.C.R5
Fixation and omission.
PA.VIII.C.R6
Instrument Interpretation.
PA.VIII.C.R7
Control application solely by reference to instruments.
PA.VIII.C.R8
Trimming the aircraft.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.VIII.C.S1
Transition to the descent pitch attitude and power setting on an assigned heading using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated flight control application.
PA.VIII.C.S2
Descend at a constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight and turns.
PA.VIII.C.S3
Level off at the assigned altitude and maintain altitude ±200 feet, heading ±20°, and airspeed ±10 knots.
 
Task D. Turns to Headings
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-25
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with attitude instrument flying during turns to headings solely by reference to instruments.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.VIII.D.K1
Flight instruments as they relate to:
PA.VIII.D.K1a
a. Instrument limitations and potential errors
PA.VIII.D.K1b
b. Indication of the aircraft attitude
PA.VIII.D.K1c
c. Function and operation
PA.VIII.D.K1d
d. Proper instrument cross-check techniques
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.VIII.D.R1
Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.
PA.VIII.D.R2
When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
PA.VIII.D.R3
Collision hazards.
PA.VIII.D.R4
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VIII.D.R5
Fixation and omission.
PA.VIII.D.R6
Instrument Interpretation.
PA.VIII.D.R7
Control application solely by reference to instruments.
PA.VIII.D.R8
Trimming the aircraft.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.VIII.D.S1
Turn to headings, maintain altitude ±200 feet, maintain a standard rate turn, roll out on the assigned heading ±10°, and maintain airspeed ±10 knots.
 
Task E. Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/Flight Manual
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with attitude instrument flying while recovering from unusual attitudes solely by reference to instruments.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.VIII.E.K1
Prevention of unusual attitudes, including flight causal, physiological, and environmental factors, and system and equipment failures.
PA.VIII.E.K1a
a. [Archived]
PA.VIII.E.K1b
b. [Archived]
PA.VIII.E.K1c
c. [Archived]
PA.VIII.E.K1d
d. [Archived]
PA.VIII.E.K2
Procedures for recovery from unusual attitudes in flight.
PA.VIII.E.K3
Procedures available to safely regain visual meteorological conditions (VMC) after flight into inadvertent instrument meteorological conditions or unintended instrument meteorological conditions (IIMC)/(UIMC).
PA.VIII.E.K4
Appropriate use of automation, if applicable.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.VIII.E.R1
Situations that could lead to loss of control in-flight (LOC-I) or unusual attitudes in-flight (e.g., stress, task saturation, inadequate instrument scan distractions, and spatial disorientation).
PA.VIII.E.R2
[Archived]
PA.VIII.E.R3
Collision hazards.
PA.VIII.E.R4
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VIII.E.R5
Interpreting flight instruments.
PA.VIII.E.R6
[Archived]
PA.VIII.E.R7
Operating envelope considerations.
PA.VIII.E.R8
Control input errors, inducing undesired aircraft attitudes.
PA.VIII.E.R9
Assessment of the unusual attitude.
PA.VIII.E.R10
Control application solely by reference to instruments.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.VIII.E.S1
Use proper instrument cross-check and interpretation to identify an unusual attitude (including both nose-high and nose-low) in flight, and apply the appropriate flight control, power input, and aircraft configuration in the correct sequence, to return to a stabilized level flight attitude.
PA.VIII.E.S2
Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
 
Task F. Radio Communications, Navigation Systems/Facilities, and Radar Services
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-25
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with radio communications, navigation systems/facilities, and radar services available for use during flight solely by reference to instruments.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.VIII.F.K1
Operating communications equipment, including identifying and selecting radio frequencies, requesting and following air traffic control (ATC) instructions.
PA.VIII.F.K2
Operating navigation equipment, including functions and displays, and following bearings, radials, or courses.
PA.VIII.F.K3
Air traffic control facilities and services.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.VIII.F.R1
When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
PA.VIII.F.R2
Using available resources (e.g., automation, ATC, and flight deck planning aids).
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.VIII.F.S1
Maintain airplane control while selecting proper communications frequencies, identifying the appropriate facility, and managing navigation equipment.
PA.VIII.F.S2
Comply with ATC instructions.
PA.VIII.F.S3
[Archived]
 
Area of Operation IX. Emergency Operations
 
Task A. Emergency Descent
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with emergency descent.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.IX.A.K1
Situations that would require an emergency descent (e.g., depressurization, smoke, or engine fire).
PA.IX.A.K2
Immediate action items and emergency procedures.
PA.IX.A.K3
Airspeed, including airspeed limitations.
PA.IX.A.K4
Aircraft performance and limitations.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.IX.A.R1
Altitude, wind, terrain, obstructions, gliding distance, and available landing distance considerations.
PA.IX.A.R2
Collision hazards.
PA.IX.A.R3
Configuring the airplane.
PA.IX.A.R4
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.IX.A.S1
Clear the area.
PA.IX.A.S2
Establish and maintain the appropriate airspeed and configuration appropriate to the scenario specified by the evaluator and as covered in Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)/Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) for the emergency descent.
PA.IX.A.S3
Maintain orientation, divide attention appropriately, and plan and execute a smooth recovery.
PA.IX.A.S4
Use bank angle between 30° and 45° to maintain positive load factors during the descent.
PA.IX.A.S5
Maintain appropriate airspeed +0/-10 knots, and level off at a specified altitude ±100 feet.
PA.IX.A.S6
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IX.A.S7
Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IX.A.S8
Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
 
Task B. Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated) (ASEL, ASES)
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with emergency approach and landing procedures.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.IX.B.K1
Immediate action items and emergency procedures.
PA.IX.B.K2
Airspeed, including:
PA.IX.B.K2a
a. Importance of best glide speed and its relationship to distance
PA.IX.B.K2b
b. Difference between best glide speed and minimum sink speed
PA.IX.B.K2c
c. Effects of wind on glide distance
PA.IX.B.K3
Effects of atmospheric conditions on emergency approach and landing.
PA.IX.B.K4
A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
PA.IX.B.K5
Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs) and other emergency locating devices.
PA.IX.B.K6
Air traffic control (ATC) services to aircraft in distress.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.IX.B.R1
Altitude, wind, terrain, obstructions, gliding distance, and available landing distance considerations.
PA.IX.B.R2
Following or changing the planned flightpath to the selected landing area.
PA.IX.B.R3
Collision hazards.
PA.IX.B.R4
Configuring the airplane.
PA.IX.B.R5
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IX.B.R6
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.IX.B.S1
Establish and maintain the recommended best glide airspeed, ±10 knots.
PA.IX.B.S2
Configure the airplane in accordance with the Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)/Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) and existing conditions.
PA.IX.B.S3
Select a suitable landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, obstructions, and available glide distance.
PA.IX.B.S4
Plan and follow a flightpath to the selected landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions.
PA.IX.B.S5
Prepare for landing as specified by the evaluator.
PA.IX.B.S6
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
 
Task C. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with system and equipment malfunctions appropriate to the airplane provided for the practical test.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.IX.C.K1
Causes of partial or complete power loss related to the specific type of powerplant(s).
PA.IX.C.K1a
a. [Archived]
PA.IX.C.K1b
b. [Archived]
PA.IX.C.K1c
c. [Archived]
PA.IX.C.K1d
d. [Archived]
PA.IX.C.K2
System and equipment malfunctions specific to the aircraft, including:
PA.IX.C.K2a
a. Electrical malfunction
PA.IX.C.K2b
b. Vacuum/pressure and associated flight instrument malfunctions
PA.IX.C.K2c
c. Pitot-static system malfunction
PA.IX.C.K2d
d. Electronic flight deck display malfunction
PA.IX.C.K2e
e. Landing gear or flap malfunction
PA.IX.C.K2f
f. Inoperative trim
PA.IX.C.K3
Causes and remedies for smoke or fire onboard the aircraft.
PA.IX.C.K4
Any other system specific to the aircraft (e.g., supplemental oxygen, deicing).
PA.IX.C.K5
Inadvertent door or window opening.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.IX.C.R1
Checklist usage for a system or equipment malfunction.
PA.IX.C.R2
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IX.C.R3
Undesired aircraft state.
PA.IX.C.R4
Startle response.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.IX.C.S1
Determine appropriate action for simulated emergencies specified by the evaluator, from at least three of the elements or sub-elements listed in K1 through K5.
PA.IX.C.S2
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
 
Task D. Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with emergency equipment, and survival gear appropriate to the airplane and environment encountered during flight.
Note: See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.IX.D.K1
Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) operations, limitations, and testing requirements.
PA.IX.D.K2
Fire extinguisher operations and limitations.
PA.IX.D.K3
Emergency equipment and survival gear needed for:
PA.IX.D.K3a
a. Climate extremes (hot/cold)
PA.IX.D.K3b
b. Mountainous terrain
PA.IX.D.K3c
c. Overwater operations
PA.IX.D.K4
When to deploy a ballistic parachute and associated passenger briefings, if equipped.
PA.IX.D.K5
When to activate an emergency auto-land system and brief passengers, if equipped.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.IX.D.R1
Survival gear (water, clothing, shelter) for 48 to 72 hours.
PA.IX.D.R2
Use of a ballistic parachute system.
PA.IX.D.R3
Use of an emergency auto-land system, if installed.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.IX.D.S1
Identify appropriate equipment and personal gear.
PA.IX.D.S2
Brief passengers on proper use of on-board emergency equipment and survival gear.
PA.IX.D.S3
Simulate ballistic parachute deployment procedures, if equipped.
 
Task E. Engine Failure During Takeoff Before VMC (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES)
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-P-8740-66; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with engine failure during takeoff before minimum controllable airspeed (VMC).
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.IX.E.K1
Factors affecting minimum control airspeed with an inoperative engine (VMC).
PA.IX.E.K2
VMC (red line) and best single-engine rate of climb airspeed (VYSE) (blue line).
PA.IX.E.K3
Accelerate/stop distance.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.IX.E.R1
Potential engine failure during takeoff.
PA.IX.E.R2
Configuring the airplane.
PA.IX.E.R3
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.IX.E.S1
Close the throttles smoothly and promptly when a simulated engine failure occurs.
PA.IX.E.S2
Maintain directional control and apply brakes (AMEL), or flight controls (AMES), as necessary.
 
Task F. Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES)
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-P-8740-66; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with engine failure after liftoff.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.IX.F.K1
Factors affecting minimum controllable speed (VMC).
PA.IX.F.K2
VMC (red line), VYSE (blue line), and safe single-engine speed (VSSE).
PA.IX.F.K3
Accelerate/stop and accelerate/go distances.
PA.IX.F.K4
How to identify, verify, feather, and secure an inoperative engine.
PA.IX.F.K5
Importance of drag reduction, including propeller feathering, gear and flap retraction, the manufacturer's recommended control input and its relation to zero sideslip.
PA.IX.F.K6
Simulated propeller feathering and the evaluator's zero-thrust procedures and responsibilities.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.IX.F.R1
Potential engine failure after lift-off.
PA.IX.F.R2
Collision hazards.
PA.IX.F.R3
Configuring the airplane.
PA.IX.F.R4
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IX.F.R5
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.IX.F.S1
Promptly recognize an engine failure, maintain control, and use appropriate emergency procedures.
PA.IX.F.S2
Establish VYSE; if obstructions are present, establish best single-engine angle of climb speed (VXSE) or VMC +5 knots, whichever is greater, until obstructions are cleared. Then transition to VYSE.
PA.IX.F.S3
Reduce drag by retracting landing gear and flaps in accordance with the manufacturer's guidance.
PA.IX.F.S4
Simulate feathering the propeller on the inoperative engine (evaluator should then establish zero thrust on the inoperative engine).
PA.IX.F.S5
Use flight controls in the proper combination as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required to maintain best performance, and trim as required.
PA.IX.F.S6
Monitor the operating engine and aircraft systems and make adjustments as necessary.
PA.IX.F.S7
Recognize the airplane's performance capabilities. If a climb is not possible at VYSE, maintain VYSE and return to the departure airport for landing, or initiate an approach to the most suitable landing area available.
PA.IX.F.S8
Simulate securing the inoperative engine.
PA.IX.F.S9
Maintain heading ±10° and airspeed ±5 knots.
PA.IX.F.S10
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
 
Task G. Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)(AMEL, AMES)
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-P-8740-66; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with approach and landing with an engine inoperative, including engine failure on final approach.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.IX.G.K1
Factors affecting minimum controllable speed (VMC).
PA.IX.G.K2
VMC (red line) and best single-engine rate of climb airspeed (VYSE) (blue line).
PA.IX.G.K3
How to identify, verify, feather, and secure an inoperative engine.
PA.IX.G.K4
Importance of drag reduction, including propeller feathering, gear and flap retraction, the manufacturer's recommended control input and its relation to zero sideslip.
PA.IX.G.K5
Applicant responsibilities during simulated feathering.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.IX.G.R1
Potential engine failure inflight or during an approach.
PA.IX.G.R2
Collision hazards.
PA.IX.G.R3
Configuring the airplane.
PA.IX.G.R4
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IX.G.R5
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IX.G.R6
Possible single-engine go-around.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.IX.G.S1
Promptly recognize an engine failure and maintain positive aircraft control.
PA.IX.G.S2
Set the engine controls, reduce drag, identify and verify the inoperative engine, and simulate feathering of the propeller on the inoperative engine (evaluator should then establish zero thrust on the inoperative engine).
PA.IX.G.S3
Use flight controls in the proper combination as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required to maintain best performance, and trim as required.
PA.IX.G.S4
Follow the manufacturer's recommended emergency procedures and complete the appropriate checklist.
PA.IX.G.S5
Monitor the operating engine and aircraft systems and make adjustments as necessary.
PA.IX.G.S6
Maintain the manufacturer's recommended approach airspeed +10/-5 knots, in the landing configuration with a stabilized approach, until landing is assured.
PA.IX.G.S7
Make smooth, timely, and correct control application before, during, and after touchdown.
PA.IX.G.S8
Touch down on the first one-third of available runway/landing surface, with no drift, and the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center or landing path.
PA.IX.G.S9
Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
PA.IX.G.S10
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
 
Area of Operation X. Multiengine Operations
 
Task A. Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative (AMEL, AMES)
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-P-8740-66; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with maneuvering with one engine inoperative.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.X.A.K1
Factors affecting minimum controllable speed (VMC).
PA.X.A.K2
VMC (red line) and best single-engine rate of climb airspeed (VYSE) (blue line).
PA.X.A.K3
How to identify, verify, feather, and secure an inoperative engine.
PA.X.A.K4
Importance of drag reduction, including propeller feathering, gear and flap retraction, the manufacturer's recommended control input and its relation to zero sideslip.
PA.X.A.K5
Feathering, securing, unfeathering, and restarting.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.X.A.R1
Potential engine failure during flight.
PA.X.A.R2
Collision hazards.
PA.X.A.R3
Configuring the airplane.
PA.X.A.R4
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.X.A.R5
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.X.A.S1
Recognize an engine failure, maintain control, use manufacturer's memory item procedures, and use appropriate emergency procedures.
PA.X.A.S2
Set the engine controls, identify and verify the inoperative engine, and feather the appropriate propeller.
PA.X.A.S3
Use flight controls in the proper combination as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required to maintain best performance, and trim as required.
PA.X.A.S4
Attempt to determine and resolve the reason for the engine failure.
PA.X.A.S5
Secure the inoperative engine and monitor the operating engine and make necessary adjustments.
PA.X.A.S6
Restart the inoperative engine using manufacturer's restart procedures.
PA.X.A.S7
Maintain altitude ±100 feet or minimum sink rate if applicable, airspeed ±10 knots, and selected headings ±10°.
PA.X.A.S8
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
 
Task B. VMC Demonstration (AMEL, AMES)
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-P-8740-66; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with VMC demonstration.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.X.B.K1
Factors affecting VMC and how VMC differs from stall speed (VS).
PA.X.B.K2
VMC (red line), VYSE (blue line), and safe single-engine speed (VSSE).
PA.X.B.K3
Cause of loss of directional control at airspeeds below VMC.
PA.X.B.K4
Proper procedures for maneuver entry and safe recovery.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.X.B.R1
Configuring the airplane.
PA.X.B.R2
Maneuvering with one engine inoperative.
PA.X.B.R3
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.X.B.S1
Configure the airplane in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, in the absence of the manufacturer's recommendations, then at safe single-engine speed (VSSE/VYSE), as appropriate, and:
PA.X.B.S1a
a. Landing gear retracted
PA.X.B.S1b
b. Flaps set for takeoff
PA.X.B.S1c
c. Cowl flaps set for takeoff
PA.X.B.S1d
d. Trim set for takeoff
PA.X.B.S1e
e. Propellers set for high revolutions per minute (rpm)
PA.X.B.S1f
f. Power on critical engine reduced to idle and propeller windmilling
PA.X.B.S1g
g. Power on operating engine set to takeoff or maximum available power
PA.X.B.S2
Establish a single-engine climb attitude with the airspeed at approximately 10 knots above VSSE.
PA.X.B.S3
Establish a bank angle not to exceed 5° toward the operating engine, as required for best performance and controllability.
PA.X.B.S4
Increase the pitch attitude slowly to reduce the airspeed at approximately 1 knot per second while applying increased rudder pressure as needed to maintain directional control.
PA.X.B.S5
Recognize and recover at the first indication of loss of directional control, stall warning, or buffet.
PA.X.B.S6
Recover promptly by simultaneously reducing power sufficiently on the operating engine, decreasing the angle of attack as necessary to regain airspeed and directional control, and without adding power on the simulated failed engine.
PA.X.B.S7
Recover within 20° of entry heading.
PA.X.B.S8
Advance power smoothly on the operating engine and accelerate to VSSE/VYSE, as appropriate, +10/-5 knots during recovery.
 
Task C. One Engine Inoperative (Simulated) (solely by Reference to Instruments) During Straight-and-Level Flight and Turns (AMEL, AMES)
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-P-8740-66; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with flight solely by reference to instruments with one engine inoperative.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.X.C.K1
Procedures used if engine failure occurs during straight-and-level flight and turns while on instruments.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.X.C.R1
Identification of the inoperative engine.
PA.X.C.R2
Inability to climb or maintain altitude with an inoperative engine.
PA.X.C.R3
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.X.C.R4
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.X.C.R5
Fuel management during single-engine operation.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.X.C.S1
Promptly recognize an engine failure and maintain positive aircraft control.
PA.X.C.S2
Set the engine controls, reduce drag, identify and verify the inoperative engine, and simulate feathering of the propeller on the inoperative engine (evaluator should then establish zero thrust on the inoperative engine).
PA.X.C.S3
Establish the best engine-inoperative airspeed and trim the airplane.
PA.X.C.S4
Use flight controls in the proper combination as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required to maintain best performance, and trim as required.
PA.X.C.S5
Verify the prescribed checklist procedures used for securing the inoperative engine.
PA.X.C.S6
Attempt to determine and resolve the reason for the engine failure.
PA.X.C.S7
Monitor engine functions and make necessary adjustments.
PA.X.C.S8
Maintain the specified altitude ±100 feet or minimum sink rate if applicable, airspeed ±10 knots, and the specified heading ±10°.
PA.X.C.S9
Assess the aircraft's performance capability and decide an appropriate action to ensure a safe landing.
PA.X.C.S10
Avoid loss of airplane control or attempted flight contrary to the engine-inoperative operating limitations of the airplane.
PA.X.C.S11
Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
 
Task D. Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES)
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-P-8740-66; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with executing a published instrument approach solely by reference to instruments with one engine inoperative.
Note: See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Note: For non-amphibious seaplanes, this task applies only when the applicant has immediate access to an instrument approach to a waterway.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.X.D.K1
Instrument approach procedures with one engine inoperative.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.X.D.R1
Potential engine failure during approach and landing.
PA.X.D.R2
Collision hazards.
PA.X.D.R3
Configuring the airplane.
PA.X.D.R4
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.X.D.R5
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.X.D.R6
Performing a go-around/rejected landing with an engine failure.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.X.D.S1
Promptly recognize an engine failure and maintain positive aircraft control.
PA.X.D.S2
Set the engine controls, reduce drag, identify and verify the inoperative engine, and simulate feathering of the propeller on the inoperative engine (evaluator should then establish zero thrust on the inoperative engine).
PA.X.D.S3
Use flight controls in the proper combination as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required to maintain best performance, and trim as required.
PA.X.D.S4
Follow the manufacturer's recommended emergency procedures and complete the appropriate checklist.
PA.X.D.S5
Monitor the operating engine and aircraft systems and make adjustments as necessary.
PA.X.D.S6
Request and follow an actual or a simulated air traffic control (ATC) clearance for an instrument approach.
PA.X.D.S7
Maintain altitude ±100 feet or minimum sink rate if applicable, airspeed ±10 knots, and selected heading ±10°.
PA.X.D.S8
Establish a rate of descent that ensures arrival at the minimum descent altitude (MDA) or decision altitude (DA)/decision height (DH) with the airplane in a position from which a descent to a landing on the intended runway or landing path can be made, either straight in or circling as appropriate.
PA.X.D.S9
On final approach segment, maintain vertical (as applicable) and lateral guidance within 3/4-scale deflection.
PA.X.D.S10
Avoid loss of airplane control or attempted flight contrary to the operating limitations of the airplane.
PA.X.D.S11
Comply with the published criteria for the aircraft approach category if circling.
PA.X.D.S12
Execute a landing.
PA.X.D.S13
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
 
Area of Operation XI. Night Operations
 
Task A. Night Operations
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge and risk management associated with night operations.
Note: For applicants that reside in Alaska, refer to 14 CFR part 61, section 61.110.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.XI.A.K1
Physiological aspects of vision related to night flying.
PA.XI.A.K2
Lighting systems identifying airports, runways, taxiways and obstructions, as well as pilot controlled lighting.
PA.XI.A.K3
Airplane equipment and lighting requirements for night operations.
PA.XI.A.K4
Personal equipment essential for night flight.
PA.XI.A.K5
Night orientation, navigation, chart reading techniques and methods for maintaining night vision effectiveness.
PA.XI.A.K6
Night taxi operations.
PA.XI.A.K7
Interpretation of traffic position and direction based solely on position lights.
PA.XI.A.K8
Visual illusions at night.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.XI.A.R1
Collision hazards.
PA.XI.A.R2
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.XI.A.R3
Effect of visual illusions and night adaptation during all phases of night flying.
PA.XI.A.R4
Runway incursion.
PA.XI.A.R5
Night currency versus proficiency.
PA.XI.A.R6
Weather considerations specific to night operations.
PA.XI.A.R7
Inoperative equipment.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
 
[Intentionally left blank].
 
 
Area of Operation XII. Postflight Procedures
 
Task A. After Landing, Parking, and Securing (ASEL, AMEL)
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with after landing, parking, and securing procedures.
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.XII.A.K1
Airplane shutdown, securing, and postflight inspection.
PA.XII.A.K2
Documenting in-flight/postflight discrepancies.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.XII.A.R1
Activities and distractions.
PA.XII.A.R2
[Archived]
PA.XII.A.R3
Airport specific security procedures.
PA.XII.A.R4
Disembarking passengers safely on the ramp and monitoring passenger movement while on the ramp.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.XII.A.S1
[Archived]
PA.XII.A.S2
Park in an appropriate area, considering the safety of nearby persons and property.
PA.XII.A.S3
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.XII.A.S4
Conduct a postflight inspection and document discrepancies and servicing requirements, if any.
PA.XII.A.S5
Secure the airplane.
 
Task B. Seaplane Post-Landing Procedures (ASES, AMES)
References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with anchoring, docking, mooring, and ramping/beaching.
Note: The evaluator must select at least one after-landing procedure (anchoring, docking and mooring, or ramping/beaching).
Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
PA.XII.B.K1
Mooring.
PA.XII.B.K2
Docking.
PA.XII.B.K3
Anchoring.
PA.XII.B.K4
Beaching/ramping.
PA.XII.B.K5
Postflight inspection, recording of in-flight/postflight discrepancies.
Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
PA.XII.B.R1
Activities and distractions.
PA.XII.B.R2
[Archived]
PA.XII.B.R3
Seaplane base specific security procedures, if applicable.
PA.XII.B.R4
Disembarking passengers safely on the ramp and monitoring passenger movement while on the ramp.
Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
PA.XII.B.S1
If anchoring, select a suitable area considering seaplane movement, water depth, tide, wind, and weather changes. Use an adequate number of anchors and lines of sufficient strength and length to ensure the seaplane's security.
PA.XII.B.S2
If not anchoring, approach the dock/mooring buoy or beach/ramp in the proper direction and at a safe speed, considering water depth, tide, current, and wind.
PA.XII.B.S3
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.XII.B.S4
Conduct a postflight inspection and document discrepancies and servicing requirements, if any.
PA.XII.B.S5
Secure the seaplane considering the effect of wind, waves, and changes in water level, or comply with applicable after landing, parking, and securing procedures if operating an amphibious airplane on land.
 
 
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